How the brain develops
- The brain develops rapidly before birth and in early childhood.
- The brain stem develops first: it controls automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate and sleep.
- The thalamus relays sensory information; the cerebellum controls balance and coordination; the cortex, which develops more slowly, is responsible for thinking, language and planning.
Nature and nurture
- Nature: the role of genes. Genes set out the basic structure of the brain and influence abilities.
- Nurture: the role of the environment. Experiences, stimulation, nutrition and relationships shape how the brain develops.
- Most psychologists agree development results from an interaction of nature and nurture.
Why early experience matters
- A stimulating environment with play, talk and care supports brain development.
- Neglect or poor nutrition in early childhood can harm development.
Key terms
- Brain stem
- The part of the brain controlling automatic functions such as breathing.
- Thalamus
- The part of the brain that relays sensory information.
- Cerebellum
- The part of the brain controlling balance and coordination.
- Cortex
- The outer layer of the brain, responsible for thinking and planning.
- Nature
- The influence of genes on development.
- Nurture
- The influence of the environment on development.