The Restoration, 1660–65
- After the Commonwealth, Charles II returned in 1660, after promising forgiveness and religious toleration in the Declaration of Breda.
- Parliament passed the Clarendon Code, including the Act of Uniformity (1662), which forced clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer; many Puritan ministers lost their posts.
- The Royal Society (1660) promoted science, and coffee houses became places for news and debate.
Plague and fire, 1665–66
- The Great Plague (1665) killed about 100,000 people in London. The Great Fire of London (September 1666) destroyed much of the City, including old St Paul's.
- Christopher Wren designed the new St Paul's Cathedral and many City churches.
Religion, foreign policy and the Popish Plot
- Charles signed the secret Treaty of Dover (1670) with Louis XIV of France. The Test Act (1673) kept Catholics out of public office; Charles's brother James, a Catholic, had to resign as Lord High Admiral.
- Titus Oates invented the Popish Plot (1678), a claim that Catholics planned to kill Charles; innocent people were executed. In the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81), the Whigs tried to stop James becoming king and the Tories opposed them.
- Charles died in 1685, becoming a Catholic on his deathbed, and James II became king.
Key terms
- Restoration
- The return of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660.
- Declaration of Breda
- Charles II's 1660 promise of pardon and toleration.
- Clarendon Code
- Laws against dissenters from the Church of England.
- Royal Society
- The scientific society founded in 1660.
- Test Act
- The 1673 law keeping Catholics out of public office.
- Popish Plot
- Titus Oates's invented Catholic plot of 1678.
- Exclusion Crisis
- The 1679–81 attempt to stop James becoming king.
- Whigs and Tories
- The first political parties, formed in the Exclusion Crisis.
Quick questions on Restoration England, 1660–1685
- What did Charles II promise in the Declaration of Breda (1660)?
- Pardons and religious toleration: It helped him return as king.
- What did the Act of Uniformity (1662) do?
- Forced clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer: Many Puritan ministers lost their posts.
- How many people died in London's Great Plague (1665)?
- About 100,000: It was the last major plague in England.
- When was the Great Fire of London?
- September 1666: It destroyed much of the City.
- Who designed the new St Paul's Cathedral?
- Christopher Wren: He also designed many City churches.
- What was the secret Treaty of Dover (1670)?
- An agreement between Charles II and Louis XIV of France: Charles secretly promised to become Catholic.
- What did the Test Act (1673) do?
- Kept Catholics out of public office: James had to resign as Lord High Admiral.
- Who invented the Popish Plot (1678)?
- Titus Oates: Innocent Catholics were executed.