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Restoration England, 1660–1685

GCSE History revision notes, key terms and practice questions.

The Restoration, 1660–65

  • After the Commonwealth, Charles II returned in 1660, after promising forgiveness and religious toleration in the Declaration of Breda.
  • Parliament passed the Clarendon Code, including the Act of Uniformity (1662), which forced clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer; many Puritan ministers lost their posts.
  • The Royal Society (1660) promoted science, and coffee houses became places for news and debate.

Plague and fire, 1665–66

  • The Great Plague (1665) killed about 100,000 people in London. The Great Fire of London (September 1666) destroyed much of the City, including old St Paul's.
  • Christopher Wren designed the new St Paul's Cathedral and many City churches.

Religion, foreign policy and the Popish Plot

  • Charles signed the secret Treaty of Dover (1670) with Louis XIV of France. The Test Act (1673) kept Catholics out of public office; Charles's brother James, a Catholic, had to resign as Lord High Admiral.
  • Titus Oates invented the Popish Plot (1678), a claim that Catholics planned to kill Charles; innocent people were executed. In the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81), the Whigs tried to stop James becoming king and the Tories opposed them.
  • Charles died in 1685, becoming a Catholic on his deathbed, and James II became king.

Key terms

Restoration
The return of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660.
Declaration of Breda
Charles II's 1660 promise of pardon and toleration.
Clarendon Code
Laws against dissenters from the Church of England.
Royal Society
The scientific society founded in 1660.
Test Act
The 1673 law keeping Catholics out of public office.
Popish Plot
Titus Oates's invented Catholic plot of 1678.
Exclusion Crisis
The 1679–81 attempt to stop James becoming king.
Whigs and Tories
The first political parties, formed in the Exclusion Crisis.

Quick questions on Restoration England, 1660–1685

What did Charles II promise in the Declaration of Breda (1660)?
Pardons and religious toleration: It helped him return as king.
What did the Act of Uniformity (1662) do?
Forced clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer: Many Puritan ministers lost their posts.
How many people died in London's Great Plague (1665)?
About 100,000: It was the last major plague in England.
When was the Great Fire of London?
September 1666: It destroyed much of the City.
Who designed the new St Paul's Cathedral?
Christopher Wren: He also designed many City churches.
What was the secret Treaty of Dover (1670)?
An agreement between Charles II and Louis XIV of France: Charles secretly promised to become Catholic.
What did the Test Act (1673) do?
Kept Catholics out of public office: James had to resign as Lord High Admiral.
Who invented the Popish Plot (1678)?
Titus Oates: Innocent Catholics were executed.

Practise Restoration England, 1660–1685: 10 questions

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